Limonene is the third most abundant terpene in Cannabis and the second most prevalent terpene on Earth (Hartsel, Eades, Hickory, & Makriyannis, 2016).  

As we learn more about Cannabis, we realize that this ancestral plant's therapeutic effects do not come only from cannabinoids like THC or CBD. Terpenes and flavonoids also have a crucial role in determining the outcomes and benefits of a patient's treatment.   

Terpenes are essential oils found on the flower’s trichomes and define several factors such as flavor, smell, and euphoric effects. When combined with other chemical compounds such as cannabinoids, they can enhance medicinal benefits, known as the entourage effect.  

Currently, there are more than a hundred and fifty terpenes identified in cannabis plants; their potential is being sought after by many and can ultimately define the effects produced and desired. 

Terpenes exist in many plants to defend the plants from harmful environmental factors, such as predators.  

Aside from its characteristic aroma, Limonene can absorb quickly into the bloodstream and can improve other terpenes’ absorption.  

What is Limonene? 

Limonene, commonly known as d-limonene for its chemical structure, is a terpene present in lemons and citrus apart from Cannabis.  

It is present as a monoterpene in resin glands, used for centuries as a natural treatment for multiple health issues and an ingredient in household items. It can be found concentrated in orange peels, other fruit rinds, cosmetics, and cleaning products.  

Like other terpenes, Limonene is produced by a wide range of plants other than Cannabis, including juniper, citrus fruits, lemons, rosemary, and peppermint. 

Its aroma can be identified as zesty citrus and can reduce allergic lung inflammation apart from its antioxidant properties (Hansen, Wolkoff & Larsen 2016). It is also known for its anti-anxiety attributes, potent antifungal and antibacterial qualities, and stimulating the immune system. Currently, it is also considered to help in the potential suppression of breast cancer cells. 

While they are abundant in strains that smell like lemon, this is not always the case. To determine if a strain is high in Limonene, you'll need to lab-test to know its actual content. Limonene happens in trace amounts, frequently less than 2%. 

Limonene aroma? 

Limonene fragrance is identified as citrusy, bitter, sweet, and sour. As stated, it is found in fruits like lemon and oranges and works as a protection mechanism. Its smell helps against pests that perceive the aromas as being toxic (Kushka, 2019). 

Limonene rich cannabis cultivars: 

Some strains contain higher levels of Limonene, and they can vary widely depending on growing techniques, curing processes, and genetics. The only way to know the levels present of Limonene is through lab-tested batches. The following are Trulieve strains that tend to have limonene dominant terpene profiles:  

• Dutch Hawaiian 
• Oregon Lemon 
• Rae Bae 

• Grape Cake 
• LA Confidential 
• Lemon Lotus 
• Lemon Tree 
• Papaya Cake 
• Rebel Sour 2.0 

The Entourage Effect: How Limonene interacts with other Cannabinoids  

As explained by Doctor Ethan Russo in his 2011 study, cannabinoids and terpenes blend in the human body to modify one another effects and, in essence, create an overall different, or "greater," efficacy based on the same molecules present and, of equal importance, the ratios in which they appear (Russo, 2011). 

Limonene interacts with cannabinoids like CBC-A, THC-A, CBD-A, CBC AND CBG, and functions with other terpenes such as linalool and caryophyllene. One of Limonene's recognized properties is reducing THC's anxiety and creating a feeling of well-being. 
 

Limonene Benefits 

Limonene has shown promising potential in the following treatments:  

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory: 

A 2015 study in the Food and Chemical Toxicology found that Limonene exhibits antioxidant effects. At varying doses, it was a non-toxic method of reducing oxidation-induced DNA damage (Bancali, 2015) 

A 2017 study published demonstrated Limonene's ability to reduce disease activity and organ damage. These effects resulted from the terpene's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which have been reported by other researchers (Yu, Yan, Zun, 2017). 

Anti-anxiety:  

Limonene is widely used to treat anxiety and insomnia. A 2013 study published studied Limonene's ability to reduce depression and anxiety in rodent models of these disorders. The results suggested Limonene improved anxiety-like states by interacting with the brain's serotonin system (Costa, Cury, 2013). 
 

Anticancer: 

A study published in the New Zealand journal found that Limonene inhibited the cells' growth while suppressing transplanted tumors' proliferation. Another study in 2009 determined that it could be used to treat individual prostate cancer types. A 2012 study published demonstrated that as part of a blood orange oil emulsion, Limonene could kill human colon cancer cells (Kotamballi, 2012). 

Antidepressant: 

limonene has shown effective in raising the mood. Some suggest the terpene as a natural antidepressant that assists restore homeostasis by blocking stress-induced immunosuppression. 

Antifungal: 

 Limonene inhibits the growth of fungi, distinctly of species that attack food. 

Immune Stimulation: 

Limonene has been successful in regulating and boosting immune function. 

This terpene shows multiple therapeutic benefits, including mood enhancement, digestion improvements, and anti-inflammatory properties. These give Limonene exceptional value for hundreds of illnesses and conditions related to inflammation, such as cancer, asthma, and arthritis. Other related benefits are: aid with acid flux (heartburn), dissolve gallstones, and a mild appetite suppressant (Harris, 2010).  

**Note: As always, with medical conditions and symptoms, please consult with your doctor for personalized medical advice. The Food and Drug Administration has not evaluated the statements made regarding these products. The efficacy of these products has not been confirmed by FDA-approved research. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. 
 

1. Hartsel, J., Eades, J., Hickory, B., & Makriyannis, A. (2016, February 19). Cannabis sativa and Hemp. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012802147700053X 
2. Hansen JS, Nørgaard AW, Koponen IK, Sørli JB, Paidi MD, Hansen SW, Clausen PA, Nielsen GD, Wolkoff P, Larsen ST. Limonene and its ozone-initiated reaction products attenuate allergic lung inflammation in mice. J Immunotoxicol. 2016;13:793–803. doi:10.1080/1547691X.2016.1195462. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 
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4. Staff, L. (2020, July 28). What Is Limonene & What Are Its Benefits in Cannabis? Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/what-is-limonene-and-what-are-the-benefits-of-this-cannabis-terpe 
5. N; B. (n.d.). The antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties of citrus phenolics Limonene and naringin. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25896273/ 
6. Z; Y. (n.d.). D-limonene exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in an ulcerative colitis rat model via regulation of iNOS, COX-2, PGE2, and ERK signaling pathways. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28260017/ 
7. Costa, C., Cury, T., Cassettari, B., Takahira, R., Flório, J., & Costa, M. (2013, February 23). Citrus aurantium L. essential oil exhibits anxiolytic-like activity mediated by 5-HT(1A)-receptors and reduces cholesterol after repeated oral treatment. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3598547/ 
8. BS; C. (n.d.). D-limonene rich volatile oil from blood oranges inhibits angiogenesis, metastasis, and cell death in human colon cancer cells. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22935404/ 
9. Harris, B (2010). Phytotherapeutic uses of essential oils. In: Baser KHC, Buchbauer G (eds). Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, pp. 315–352. 

Myrcene is the most abundant terpene found in cannabis and is recognized for its earthy aroma and flavor profile. Interestingly, it has many desired properties like analgesic, sedative, and potentiated barbiturate sleep time (Russo, 2011).

Terpenes play a crucial role in the cannabis experience and are responsible for the specific smell, taste, and outcomes of the different strains. When terpenes interact with cannabinoids and other compounds, they create a synergy known as the entourage effect, enhancing or inhibiting cannabis results.

More than a hundred and twenty terpenes are identified in the cannabis plant, promoting various health benefits, such as boosting your energy, relaxing, or helping you sleep. In this short review, we will explore the latest evidence supporting potential myrcene use and its benefits.

What is Myrcene?

Myrcene, also known as alpha-Myrcene and beta-Myrcene, is a monoterpene commonly found in lemongrass, hop (Humulus Lupulus), mango, verbena, bay leaves, and thyme, among others. It is the most abundant terpene in cannabis.

According to a study conducted by the Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Myrcene contains 65% of the terpene content in a cannabis plant (Mediavilla & Steinemann, 1997). It is described as herbal or earthy and is commonly used as an intermediate by the fragrance industry to produce derivative terpenes.

It is also acknowledged as a potent muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory, pain reliever, and sedative. In the case of cannabinoids, Myrcene is believed to increase the speed of action, and the desired effects can be felt faster.

Myrcene Aroma

In general, cannabis strains feature multiple terpenes at once. Depending on the ratios present, the overall fragrance profile and medicinal efficacy are affected.

Myrcene is one of ten significant terpenes produced by the cannabis herb. In terms of smell, this molecule can be compared to something similar to cloves. As mentioned earlier, it is very earthy and spicy and is a component element of menthol and citronella.

It should be noted that Myrcene acts as a precursor to other terpenes' production, like how CBG-A is the universal precursor to other cannabinoids, including THC and CBD.

Myrcene rich cannabis cultivars:

• Granddaddy Purple
• Harlequin
• 9lb Hammer
• Afghan Moon
• Aliens on Moonshine
• Blue Dream
• Mandarin Dream
• Strawberry Switchblade
• TruBerry OG

These strains are considered ideal for patients treating inflammation, pain, and insomnia. In terms of recreational use, they are known for their "couch-lock" effects. It is important to consider that myrcene strains may cause sedation, especially in indica cultivars, they are most suitable for evening usage.

The Entourage Effect: How Myrcene interacts with other Cannabinoids 

As explained by Doctor Ethan Russo in his 2011 study, cannabinoids and terpenes blend in the human body to modify one another effects and, in essence, create an overall different, or "greater," efficacy based on the same molecules present and, of equal importance, the ratios in which they appear (Russo, 2011).

Myrcene is most potent and beneficial when included in a complex phytocannabinoid environment, meaning it works better with other compounds—thus making "the entourage effect" an important concept to get its full potential.

Russo's study concluded various advantageous interactions between Myrcene and other major cannabinoids, including THC and CBD.

• CBG + myrcene: can be Anti-cancer.
• CBD + Myrcene: can decrease inflammation, fights cancer, reduce pain.
• THC + Myrcene: is considered an analgesic (reduces pain) and muscle relaxant, enhanced sedative, and tranquilization benefits.

Myrcene Benefits

Apart from famously enhancing THC in certain strains, there are several therapeutic benefits related to the terpene Myrcene:

• Sedative Effects: strains high in Myrcene are known to produce "couch-lock" or sedation. Myrcene can increase barbiturate sleeping time, demonstrating the terpene's probabilities as a sedative. In high amounts, they may sedate and decrease locomotion.
• Anti-inflammatory effects: researchers found that Myrcene had anti-inflammatory properties on the cells while it slows damage and disease progression.
• Anti-tumor: due to its anti-inflammatory properties, Myrcene may help kill cancerous cells. A 2015 study suggested that it may play a role in anti-metastatic activity in human breast cancer cells. (Lee, 2015).
• Analgesic effects: A 1990 study in the Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology observed that Myrcene might reduce nociceptive pain, the pain associated with injuries such as sprains and bruises.(Rao, Menezes & Viana,1990). The research also suggests that this terpene influences the body’s endogenous opioids.
• Anti-diabetic effects: Myrcene may improve glucose tolerance in people with diabetes. A 2007 paper by Al-Omari describes how Myrcene can reduce serum glucose levels in diabetic rats by 28.1%. The popular metformin decreases glucose levels by 28.5% ( Al-Omari, 2007).
• Antioxidant:  According to a 2017 study, Myrcene may hold the capacity to protect skin against ultraviolet light-induced aging. By acting as an antioxidant, Myrcene may be a beneficial additive to anti-aging and sunscreen lotions (Hwang E;Ngo HTT;Park B;Seo SA;Yang JE;Yi TH, 2017).

Mango Urban Legend

As always, there are dozens of urban legends surrounding cannabis and its consumption. Because mangos produce significant amounts of Myrcene, many believe that consuming the fruit can amplify the potency of cannabinoids such as THC.

Urban legends believe that consuming mangos 45 minutes prior to cannabis may result in a quicker onset of psychoactivity and greater intensity. This can be a prime example of the “entourage effect” in action. However, these are all anecdotical experiences that need further scientific proof.

Myrcene in nutshell

Besides Russo’s study from 2011, other researches efforts have revealed the medicinal efficacy of Myrcene. A 2002 research study supported the sedative effect of Myrcene and its effectiveness in treating anxiety, insomnia, and other sleep disorders (Vale TG;Furtado EC;Santos JG;Viana GS, 2002)

As mentioned earlier, this terpene is the amplest marijuana terpene and has a range of beneficial effects. This means that strains with great myrcene contents could be ideal for stress and painful conditions, among others. Myrcene may offer an enhanced psychoactive effect as well as helping cope with other conditions.

**Note: As always, with medical conditions and symptoms, please consult with your doctor for personalized medical advice. The statements made regarding these products have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The efficacy of these products has not been confirmed by FDA-approved research. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Produced in partnership MMJ Knowledge.

Russo, E. (2011, August). Taming THC: Potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165946/

Mediavilla, V., & Steinemann1, S. (1997). Essential oil of Cannabis sativa L. strains, from http://www.internationalhempassociation.org/jiha/jiha4208.html

Vale, T. G., Furtado, E. C., Santos, J. G., Jr, & Viana, G. S. (2002). Central effects of citral, Myrcene and limonene, constituents of essential oil chemotypes from Lippia alba (Mill.) n.e. Brown. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 9(8), 709–714. https://doi.org/10.1078/

Hwang, E., Ngo, H., Park, B., Seo, S. A., Yang, J. E., & Yi, T. H. (2017). Myrcene, an Aromatic Volatile Compound, Ameliorates Human Skin Extrinsic Aging via Regulation of MMPs Production. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 45(5), 1113–1124. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X17500604

Lee, J., Lee, K., Lee, D.H. et al. Anti-invasive effect of β-myrcene, a component of the essential oil from Pinus koraiensis cones, in metastatic MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem 58, 563–569 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13765-015-0081-3

Rao, V. S., Menezes, A. M., & Viana, G. S. (1990). Effect of Myrcene on nociception in mice. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 42(12), 877–878. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb07046.x

Al-Omari . (2007). THE EFFECT OF THUJONE AND MYRCENE ON DIABETES MELLITUS IN ALBINO RATS. Faculty of Graduate Studies University of Jordan https://theses.ju.edu.jo/Original_Abstract/JUF0634949.pdf

Russo E. B. (2011). Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. British journal of pharmacology, 163(7), 1344–1364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x